What does it mean for a law to be "prescribed by law" when limiting a charter right?

When a law is described as being "prescribed by law" in the context of limiting a charter right, it indicates that the limitations must be explicitly defined and documented in formal legislation or regulation. This requires that the legal framework for limiting the rights must be clear, precise, and accessible to the public, ensuring that individuals are aware of the boundaries imposed upon their rights. This principle is rooted in the rule of law, which emphasizes that no one should face arbitrary restrictions on their rights. Legislation must be written and codified to maintain accountability and provide a basis for legal recourse should an individual believe their rights have been unjustly limited.

The other choices suggest categories of limitations that are either too ambiguous or not grounded in formal legal documentation, which do not meet the standard of "prescribed by law." For instance, common practice, implied limitations, and verbal enactments would lack the necessary transparency and formality required to constitute a lawful restriction on charter rights.